THE ANATOMY OF e. e. cummings(a modernist poet) - MARVIN

THE ANATOMY OF e. e. cummings(a modernist poet) - MARVIN

THIS IS ONE OF THE MANY POSTS SOON TO COME ON THE BLOG FOR EDUCATION IN POETRY BY PROF. MARVIN(HA HA!! YOU DON'T KNOW WHO PROF. MARVIN IS, DO YOU??)

Edward Estlin Cummings shocked his critics in the beginning of the 20th century with a style all his own. Although many poets have gradually broken the rules of poetry in varying degrees, only this poet interjects himself immediately when speaking of an entirely unconventional artist. Cummings got his start writing for two newsletters at Harvard, and later published several books of his poetry, paintings, and drawings. Even though the critics remain in two separate camps on his poetry, there is no denying the impact he has had as a modernist, encouraging later poets to write what they feel regardless of the so-called rules. E.E. Cummings’s visual style, command of vocabulary, and innovation make him the most influential poet of the 20th century.

Cummings was an inspired artist as well as poet. He created provocative drawings and impressionistic paintings with vivid colors. This artistic style also molds his poetry into a visual art. He uses the white space on the page as much as he uses periods, commas, and colons to lead the eye on a journey down the page. He has suffered at the pen of literary critics in this regard, as many think his stylings are unnecessary and ineffective. However, this visual style is what most sets him apart from his contemporaries. A more recent critique of Cummings agrees, saying, “This playful tinkering with language is the most obvious and appealing sign of Cummings's originality” (Kirsch).

E.E. Cummings is perhaps best known for his use of unusual punctuation. Critics have slammed Cummings in the past and present for this visual explosion. The critic Harriet Monroe said of Cummings in 1924, “Mr. Cummings has an eccentric system of typography which, in our opinion, has nothing to do with the poem, but intrudes itself irritatingly, like scratched or blurred spectacles, between it and the reader's mind” (Monroe). I could not disagree more. While this technique is difficult to get used to at the outset, it is essential to the emotion and meter of a Cummings poem. His unusual typography slows the reader down, adding dramatic pauses where needed, and serves as a signpost to accentuate what the poet really intends to emphasize. Cummings does not arbitrarily give attention to the pronoun “I” or the first line of each stanza by capitalization as is done in traditional poetry. He instead capitalizes only when he feels it is necessary, even in the middle of a word. When the puzzle that is a Cummings poem is unlocked, the reader is led into the mind of the poet, and into a deeper sensual understanding of the poem as a whole. His poetry suffers greatly when these eccentricities are removed, making the rhythm of the poem less impressive and neutralizing a great deal of its emotional impact, thus destroying the illusion of being in the moment with Cummings.

Cummings frequently utilizes parenthesis where they would not ordinarily be used. His use of parenthesis gives a multi-dimensional persona to the poem. The poet is concerned with catching all of a moment in its entirety, and is not preoccupied with planned and linear sentence structure. He inserts a thought wherever needed, perhaps in the middle of a word, or off to the side and below the rest of the poem, compressing all sensations and perceptions of a situation or emotion into the space of a second. For this reason, Cummings poems are best seen in their original form, and this author will recreate Cummings’s poems as they are published when quoting them in order for the reader to understand the importance of his unique literary tools. This form is exemplified in the following poem, “l (a” (Selected Poems 39) showing how his masterful use of parenthesis allows the reader to exist in a single moment with E.E. Cummings:
l(a

le
af
fa

ll

s)
one
l
iness (1-9)
Here, we have two ideas merging into a single whole—a leaf falling, and loneliness. It is also important to note that the word “one” within “loneliness” is singled out on a line of its own; this further emphasizes the emotional impact of the poem. The critic S. V. Baum praises Cummings use of this technique, saying,

'Because of his extreme honesty as a poet, he has been compelled to describe the complex unit of experience without the presence of falsifying temporal order. Perception of the moment involves many impressions, none complete in itself; instead, they blur and overlap one into the other. In order to catch the effect of all-at-oneness, Cummings inserts some part of the experience within the boundaries of parentheses and so suggests the simultaneousness of imagery.' (78)

The use of eccentric punctuation is enhanced by Cummings’s use of white space on the page. Cummings uses this technique to help the reader feel and see the slow falling of a snowflake, rather than just reading about it. This is praised in a new critique of his writings at his former alma mater, Harvard. Adam Kirsch says, “what looks like a thin trickle of letters becomes, to a reader who has learned Cummings's tricks, a picture in print: the snowflake alighting in a twirl, the severe vertical of the gravestone” (Kirsch). This is also true of the leaf falling in the previous example. In the poem that begins “O sweet spontaneous”, (100 Selected Poems 6) the use of space is illustrated perfectly. We see how the rude interruptions of the

prurient philosophers pinched
and
poked (6-8)

the earth. We later see the pace quicken and then slow gradually with the profound yet simple realization at the end of the poem:

(but
true
to the incomparable
couch of death thy
rhythmic
lover
thou answerest

them only with
spring) (19-27)

Cummings is equally adept at using lack of spaces between words such as in “Buffalo Bill’s” (100 Selected Poems) 7) where we learn that Bill used to break “onetwothreefourfive pigeonsjustlikethat” (6). This device is to speed up speech and without it the pace and meaning of poetry would suffer. Cummings purposely employs this tactic so that the reader hears the poem exactly as Cummings would recite it.

These uses of space and punctuation are cues to help us read the poem more accurately, as Cummings intended. What we have in his best poems of this sort is a map that directs us to speed up, slow down, or stop. He also gives directions as to where the poem is going. Cummings poems may be floating up, falling down, gyrating, or even imitating the striptease of a burlesque dancer. Cummings shows us the movement of his thoughts through an unmatched use of the typewriter. This technique is widely seen as part of the cubist movement and Cummings is seen as a modernist himself, grouped with Pound and Eliot. However, he was the first poet to translate the cubist art into printed poetry, and although others have benefited from Cummings’s breaking of the grammatical rules of poetry, he remains the best at it.
E.E. Cummings displays a dazzling and sometimes dizzying command of vocabulary. He has been much criticized for his use of unusual typography; however, it cannot be denied that underneath it all, Cummings is a great poet who re-explores traditional subjects. He is also known for changing nouns into verbs and vice-versa, or writing, for example, the word “yes” as a noun. To prove his skill at composing poems without relying on tricks of typography, two poems are worthy of being highlighted. The first of these is one of the finest love poems ever composed, “Somewhere i have never traveled, gladly beyond” (100 Selected Poems 44).

This is perhaps Cummings’s best-known love poem, and certainly his finest showcase of the strong lyrical quality to his poems. The critic Robert K. Johnson says that this poem is representative of Cummings at his best, saying, “the poem contained Cummings’s typical dynamic intensity, an intensity that pulls the reader along line by line” (Johnson 960). In the opening stanza, Cummings declares, “your eyes have their silence: / in your most frail gesture are things which enclose me, / or which I cannot touch because they are too near” (100 Selected Poems 2-4). This line evokes pure emotion—the phenomenon of being so totally encompassed in a lover, yet unable to grasp them. It coexists perfectly with the imagery which continues, “though I have closed myself as fingers, / you open always petal by petal myself as Spring opens” (7-8) and he goes on to explain that his heart, as a flower, will close again, imagining “the snow carefully everywhere descending;” (15). He couples this beautiful imagery with two stanzas of thought-provoking material at the end of the poem. The second to last stanza is a fine example. It reads:

nothing which we are to perceive in this world equals
the power of your intense fragility: whose texture
compels me with the colour of its countries,
rendering death and forever with each breathing (16-20)

Here, Cummings pairs the texture and colors of his fragile lover with the resonating issues of her many layers, her countries. So compelling and wondrous is his love that by rendering death and forever in something as small and ordinary as her breath “the speaker intuits that physical reality and metaphysical reality are intertwined, and that the human spirit is immortal” (Johnson 961). That is a lofty claim for a simple love poem, and Cummings makes that claim more believable than any other poet of the 20th century.

Another example of Cummings’s great play on words is the way he changes words from one part of speech to another. In one simple and beautiful love poem, Cummings says that “yes is a pleasant country: / if’s wintry” (100 Selected Poems 1-2). He goes on to say, “both is the very weather” (5) “when violets appear” (8). It is a far leap to see the words yes, if, and both as a place or climate. Careful reading of this poem tells the reader that “yes” stands for everything life affirming, positive, and uplifting. Next, “if” represents everything in limbo, everything unsure and uneasy. Lastly, “both” represents togetherness and companionship. Cummings uses this tool repeatedly throughout his career. He is the inventor of this technique, and succeeds in turning conventional language into something new and different at a time when anything old used in a new way is a welcome addition to the literary toolbox.

E.E. Cummings is not always an easy poet to read. The genius of this poet is such that it often requires several readings to take everything in. This is because Cummings has invented a wholly new type of poetry. Indeed, he is not as forthcoming as Frost, but he also may not be as obtuse as Eliot. Fortunately, one does seem to learn his language over time so that a seasoned Cummings reader will have a much easier time with his work than a person reading him for the first time. Once that barrier is broken, it can feel as though the reader has burst into a new world of poetry, one where the traditionalism is still intact in theme and substance, however the medium is so fresh and intense it is invigorating.

Cummings writes about simple themes: love, the wonder of being alive, and springtime. He is also cynical and writes satirically about the time in which he lives; yet he does these things in such a new way as to be completely novel as a poet. Cummings does what the critic Malcolm Cowley says is very hard, that is 'after three thousand years of written literature, to say anything new, or anything old in a new way' (qtd. in Friedman 85). His innovation alone is worthy of merit. As the first writer to use such strange punctuation, utilize white space so effectively, and fit an eternity of emotion into one instant using parenthesis, Cummings is a virtuoso of innovation. It is the novelty of expressing intense emotions in the present moment that makes him a poet worthy of high merit. Artists seeking the present moment have only increased since the introduction of his strange and wonderful poems.

Whether or not Cummings’s poetry is appealing to a particular reader, the influence of E.E. Cummings on the future of poetry due to his visual style, command of vocabulary, and innovation cannot be denied. We see it in the relaxing of grammatical rules within the realm of poetic license. We see it in the stream of consciousness writing of Jack Kerouac. We see it in the eccentricities of Bjork’s music. It is true that poetry was not the same before Cummings, and is forever changed after him. He has not always had critics on his side; in fact, he has often been the target of harsh criticism. As time wears on, we continue to uncover the scope of his ingenuity. With the shock of his commas, periods, and colons wearing off, critics are turning a more serious eye to his work and are discovering the layers and depth of meaning in the poems themselves. Perhaps the critics are just beginning to catch up with the vision of E.E. Cummings.

Works Cited
Baum, S. V. 'E.E. Cummings: The Technique of Immediacy.' South Atlantic Quarterly 53.1 (1954): 70-88.
Cummings, E. E. 100 Selected Poems. New York: Grove Press, 1954.
Cummings, E. E. Selected Poems. Ed. Richard S. Kennedy. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 1994.
Johnson, Robert K. “Somewhere I Have Never Traveled, Gladly Beyond: Overview.” Reference Guide to American Literature, 3rd ed. Ed. Jim Kamp. New York: St. James Press, 1994. 960-1.
Friedman, Norman. (Re)Valuing Cummings: Further Essays on the Poet, 1962-1993. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996.
Kirsch, Adam “The Rebellion of E.E. Cummings.” Harvard Magazine 107 (2005). 14 Nov. 2005. .
Monroe, Harriet Flare and Blare. Jan 1924. Online. 15 Nov 2005.
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Candour.

The most obviously present and the oft overlooked...the very inspiring and the extremely discouraging. What I am talking about is Opinion.
We all have them. Opinions about people, events, habits, things that matter and even those that do not. However, it is not the having of an opinion that counts. Expressing an opinion will not make any difference either (yeah, maybe it will, but not the difference it ought to make). So then? What matters?

Expressing an opinion with honesty and frankness. Calling a spade a spade. Thinking about what you are goinf to say and then saying exactly that.
That is Candour.


Now, my favourite - The simple. The Basic.

Opinion - what one thinks
Judgement - forming of an opinion/conclusion
Conclusion - a decision reached by reasoning

The point I'm trying to make? An opinion cannot be what you feel. It is what you think. An opinion is by nature a conclusion, thus based on reason. Reason is never unfair. It can by all means be personal but not biased.
It is not just about stating an opinion honestly. It is about forming correct, pure opinions. Expressing an unbiased, reasonable opinion with honesty and frankness.
That is Candour.


Not just expression but sincerity in expression.
Not jus thought but reason in thought.
Not just a word but a way of life.
That is Candour.

Hedonism-Desserts for my Heart

Found it today,marooned and ignored,
Isolated to the core,disinterested and bored,
It refused to respond, had it lost hope?
It said it felt as if it belonged to me!

Then my heart said it didnt want to speak,
So I was about to leave;The uncaring person that I am,
Hesitation creeped in and awkwardness overshadowed the situation,
I asked the heart to talk to me and it did agree.

I asked it,"What you been upto?"
And it said "Nothing much brother,
Just beating around for the past 16 years,
Biologically and emotionally.

It was in school that we were in touch,wasnt it?
You had done so much for me
Which led to so many beautiful things."
It showed a slight softening in its voice.

I realised I had not spoken to it since then,
A long time had passed, a time of uselessness.
It was not me who was living for the past six years,
For my heart just pumped blood in me and not life.

I felt bad,very bad,said sorry
He said.....OK,
I did not know what to say,but just could hear,
Something break,something break inside me.

There was a warm feeling inside me then,
A sense of achievement,a successful photosynthesis,
For i had surely cooked up something for myself,
And so much, that it would last all my life.

My hunger had reached its peak now,
Bites of artificial self assurance couldn't last anyway,
The food i saw was far from reach,but yes,I had to reach,
'Cause this food was the one which would give me life and not blood.

Now my thoughts have to run and not my legs,
My brain has to digest and not my intestine,
Adamant digestive juices gotta make rocks melt now!
'Cause its clear, I cant be producing shit anymore!!

I will have to rise,rise above moods and conventions,
I will have to move, move faster than speed.
I owe a lot to my heart, for all it has done,
For i do not deserve anything in this world but myself, my pleasure.

-HEDONIST

Rendezvous with nature

Droplets of water falling off your lash…the eyes don’t want them to leave
Just when you thought you were dry…the clouds begin to grieve

A sideway glance down the hills…mist slowly curling up to you
You seem to be happily stuck – between the mint green and golden blue

Damp, soft, the leaves beneath your feet…all yellow, green and brown
Welcome to the jungle – you’ve just stepped into nature’s little town

Hues and shades sprinkled around…on a canvas so colossal and pure
You know you’ve lost your way…yet an unknown mystique seems to lure

Deeper and deeper within…you tread not knowing where
An awe inspiring splendour surrounds…making you want to stand and stare

The warmth of good company…of laughter, conversations n more
Magnifies the joy manifold…high on life – your spirit begins to soar

Tired legs giving away…to an incandescent soul
The misty mountain air seeping in…making you feel whole

The peace, the quiet, the silence – tranquility abounds
Broken by the merry twitter of the birds…a symphony of sounds

A haven for the longing heart…where worries have no place
It is in the Sanctuary that I seek refuge…where my soul finds solace

The slightest touch of the breeze…kissing you lightly as it ruffles your hair
For the touch that lingers long after –Oh! I’d give up all that’s there!

The day when everything’s just purrfect – when you sweat without being tired
Like the day your boss decides to let go – you goof up and yet aren’t fired

With fluffy clouds and crispy cool air - the weather decides to pamper
Even as crooked crabs and pesky bugs beneath your feet scamper

Soon its time to leave…leave behind the wondrous wonder
Wandering you’ve come afar…wish you could go yonder

Was it a dream, a reverie, a mirage – that vanished even as I gazed?!
Rendezvous with nature n back…awe-struck…dazzled…dazed

Warmth,
Ember

(What I sensed and felt, and yet could articulate only later, while on the trek-to-nowhere @ National Park :))

Neo : A Graphical Journey

Double click on the picture to enlarge it.

Click on the square at the bottom-right of the photo to retain enlarged image.

The Image is a graphical representation of Neo's journey through "The Matrix".

The Thought-Bubbles are relevant dialogues from the the movie that sum-up his state of mind at that point of time in the matrix.

1.The exercise is an ode to the unlimited potential of the human mind.

2.It is also a reinforcement of my notion that each one of us has the capacity to become "The One" in our lives if we believe strongly enough.

3.Beyond everything, it is an ode to the ability to break-free from the limitations imposed on us by society, peers and most importantly 'Ourselves'.

Cheers,
neO

How to Get Up Right Away When Your Alarm Goes Off - Steve Pavlina

When your alarm wakes you up in the morning, is it hard for you to get up right away? Do you find yourself hitting the snooze button and going right back to sleep?

That used to be part of my daily awakening ritual too. When my alarm would blare its infernal noise, I’d turn the damned thing off right away. Then under the cloak of that early morning brain fog, I’d slowly ponder whether or not I should actually get up:

It’s nice and warm under the covers. If I get up, it’s going to be cold. That won’t be too pleasant.

Oh, I really should get up now. C’mon legs… move. Go, legs, go. Hmmm… that isn’t how I move my legs, is it? They don’t seem to be listening to me.

I should go to the gym. Yeah. Hmmm… I don’t really feel like working out right now though. I haven’t even had breakfast. Maybe I should have a muffin first. Banana nut. Now that’s a good muffin.

Maybe I’m trying to get myself up too early. I’m still sleepy, aren’t I? Maybe getting up with an alarm is unnatural. Won’t I function better with more sleep?

I don’t have to get up right this minute, do I? Surely I can relax another five minutes or so. The world isn’t going to end if I don’t get up right now.

I’ll bet my wife is toasty warm right now. She told me she hates it when I try to snuggle her at 6am, but so what… she loves me enough to forgive me, right? I know… I’ll start massaging her back and shoulders first. She can’t resist a good massage, even so early in the morning. Then I’ll transition to a head scratching. Yeah, that’ll do it. And then slide right into the spoon position. Won’t that be a pleasant way to start the day?

[ Scootch… scootch… Zzzzzzzz ]

Two hours later…

Me: What time is it? I don’t even remember the alarm going off. That was a good snuggle though. Oh well, guess I’ll have to skip exercise today.

Wife: Why do you keep setting your alarm if you aren’t going to get up when it goes off?

Me: Oh, did you think that was my wake-up alarm? It’s actually my snuggle alarm.

OK, so I wasn’t really intending for it to be a snuggle alarm. I had intended to get up when it went off, but my foggy brain kept negotiating me right back to sleep.

Fast forward to present day…

My alarm goes off sometime between 4:00 and 5:00am… never later than 5:00am, even on weekends and holidays. I turn off the alarm within a few seconds. My lungs inflate with a deep breath of air, and I stretch my limbs out in all directions for about two seconds. Soon my feet hit the floor, and I find myself getting dressed while my wife snoozes on. I go downstairs to grab a piece of fruit, pop into my home office to catch up on some emails, and then it’s off to the gym at 5:15.

But this time there’s no voice inside my head debating what I should do. It’s not even a positive voice this time — it’s just not there. The whole thing happens on autopilot, even before I feel fully awake mentally. I can’t say it requires any self-discipline to do this every morning because it’s a totally conditioned response. It’s like my conscious mind is just along for the ride while my subconscious controls my body. When my alarm goes off each morning, I respond just like Pavlov’s dogs. It would actually be harder for me not to get up when my alarm goes off.

So how do you go from scenario one to scenario two?

First, let’s consider the way most people tackle this problem — what I consider the wrong way.

The wrong way is to try using your conscious willpower to get yourself out of bed each morning. That might work every once in a while, but let’s face it — you’re not always going to be thinking straight the moment your alarm goes off. Your may experience what I call the fog of brain. The decisions you make in that state won’t necessarily be the ones you’d make when you’re fully conscious and alert. You can’t really trust yourself… nor should you.

If you use this approach, you’re likely to fall into a trap. You decide to get up at a certain time in advance, but then you undo that decision when the alarm goes off. At 10pm you decide it would be a good idea to get up at 5am. But at 5am you decide it would be a better idea to get up at 8am. But let’s face it — you know the 10pm decision is the one you really want implemented… if only you could get your 5am self to go along with it.

Now some people, upon encountering this conundrum, will conclude that they simply need more discipline. And that’s actually somewhat true, but not in the way you’d expect. If you want to get up at 5am, you don’t need more discipline at 5am. You don’t need better self-talk. You don’t need two or three alarm clocks scattered around the room. And you don’t need an advanced alarm that includes technology from NASA’s astronaut toilets.

You actually need more discipline when you’re fully awake and conscious: the discipline to know that you can’t trust yourself to make intelligent, conscious decisions the moment you first wake up. You need the discipline to accept that you’re not going to make the right call at 5am. Your 5am coach is no good, so you need to fire him.

What’s the real solution then? The solution is to delegate the problem. Turn the whole thing over to your subconscious mind. Cut your conscious mind out of the loop.

Now how do you do this? The same way you learned any other repeatable skill. You practice until it becomes rote. Eventually your subconscious will take over and run the script on autopilot.

This is going to sound really stupid, but it works. Practice getting up as soon as your alarm goes off. That’s right — practice. But don’t do it in the morning. Do it during the day when you’re wide awake.

Go to your bedroom, and set the room conditions to match your desired wake-up time as best you can. Darken the room, or practice in the evening just after sunset so it’s already dark. If you sleep in pajamas, put on your pajamas. If you brush your teeth before bed, then brush your teeth. If you take off your glasses or contacts when you sleep, then take those off too.

Set your alarm for a few minutes ahead. Lie down in bed just like you would if you were sleeping, and close your eyes. Get into your favorite sleep position. Imagine it’s early in the morning… a few minutes before your desired wake-up time. Pretend you’re actually asleep. Visualize a dream location, or just zone out as best you can.

Now when your alarm goes off, turn it off as fast as you can. Then take a deep breath to fully inflate your lungs, and stretch your limbs out in all directions for a couple seconds… like you’re stretching during a yawn. Then sit up, plant your feet on the floor, and stand up. Smile a big smile. Then proceed to do the very next action you’d like to do upon waking. For me it’s getting dressed.

Now shake yourself off, restore the pre-waking conditions, return to bed, reset your alarm, and repeat. Do this over and over and over until it becomes so automatic that you run through the whole ritual without thinking about it. If you have to subvocalize any of the steps (i.e. if you hear a mental voice coaching you on what to do), you’re not there yet.

Feel free to devote several sessions over a period of days to this practice. Think of it like doing sets and reps at the gym. Do one or two sets per day at different times… and perhaps 3-10 reps each time.

Yes, it will take some time to do this, but that time is nothing compared to how much time you’ll save in the long run. A few hours of practice today can save you hundreds of hours each year.

With enough practice — I can’t give you an accurate estimate of how long it will take because it will be different for everyone – you’ll condition a new physiological response to the sound of your alarm. When your alarm goes off, you’ll get up automatically without even thinking about it. The more you run the pattern, the stronger it will become. Eventually it will be uncomfortable not to get up when your alarm goes off. It will feel like putting on your pants with the opposite leg first.

You can also practice mentally if you’re good at visualizing. Mental practice is faster, but I think it’s best to run through the whole thing physically. There are subtle details you might miss if you only rehearse mentally, and you want your subconscious to capture the real flavor of the experience. So if you do use mental practice, at least do it physically the first few times.

The more you practice your wake-up ritual, the deeper you’ll ingrain this habit into your subconscious. Alarm goes off -> get up immediately. Alarm goes off -> get up immediately. Alarm goes off -> get up immediately.

Once this becomes a daily habit, you won’t have to do anymore daytime practice. This type of habit is self-reinforcing. You only have to go through the conditioning period once. Then you’re basically set for life until you decide to change it. Even if you fall out of the habit for some reason (like an extended vacation in a different time zone), you’ll be able to return to it more easily. Think of it like muscle memory. Once you’ve grooved in the pattern, it will still be there even if you let some weeds grow over it.

Any behavior pattern you experience when your alarm goes off will become self-reinforcing if you repeat it enough times. Chances are that you already have a well-established wake-up ritual, but it may not be the one you want. The more you repeat your existing pattern, the more you condition it into your subconscious. Every time you fail to get up when your alarm goes off, that becomes ever more your default physiological response. If you want to change that behavior, you’ll need to undertake a conscious reconditioning program such as the one I described above.

Beating yourself up about your bad wake-up habits will not work — in fact, you’ll just condition these mental beatings as part of the very routine you’re trying to change. Not only will you not get up when your alarm goes off, but you’ll also automatically beat yourself up about it. How lame is that? Do you really want to keep running that dumb pattern for the rest of your life? That’s exactly what will happen if you don’t condition a more empowering pattern. For good or ill, your habits will make or break you.

Once you establish your desired wake-up ritual, I recommend you stick with it every single day – 7 days a week, 365 days a year. And for the first 30 days, set your alarm for the same time every day. Once the habit is established, then you can vary your wake-up times or occasionally go without the alarm if you want to sleep in, but until then it’s best to keep the pattern very tight. That way it will become your default behavior, and you’ll be able to stray from time to time without serious risk of deconditioning it.

I’m confident that once you establish this habit, you’ll absolutely love it. I consider this to be one my most productive habits. It saves me hundreds of hours a year, and it keeps paying dividends day after day. I also found this habit extremely valuable during my polyphasic sleep experiment.

Think about it — if you oversleep just 30 minutes a day, that’s 180+ hours a year. And if you’re at 60 minutes a day, that’s 365 hours a year, the equivalent of nine 40-hour weeks. That’s a lot of time! Now I don’t know about you, but I can think of more creative things to do with that time than lying in bed longer than I need to.

I encourage you to give this method a try. I know it seems silly to practice getting out of bed, but hey, what if it works? What if you knew with total certainty that if you set your alarm for a certain time, you would absolutely get up at that time no matter what? There’s no reason you can’t create that for yourself over the next few days. Practice makes permanent.


How to Become an Early Riser


It is well to be up before daybreak, for such habits contribute to health, wealth, and wisdom.- Aristotle
Are morning people born or made? In my case it was definitely made. In my early 20s, I rarely went to bed before midnight, and I’d almost always sleep in late. I usually didn’t start hitting my stride each day until late afternoon.
But after a while I couldn’t ignore the high correlation between success and rising early, even in my own life. On those rare occasions where I did get up early, I noticed that my productivity was almost always higher, not just in the morning but all throughout the day. And I also noticed a significant feeling of well-being. So being the proactive goal-achiever I was, I set out to become a habitual early riser. I promptly set my alarm clock for 5AM…
… and the next morning, I got up just before noon.
Hmmm…
I tried again many more times, each time not getting very far with it. I figured I must have been born without the early riser gene. Whenever my alarm went off, my first thought was always to stop that blasted noise and go back to sleep. I tabled this habit for a number of years, but eventually I came across some sleep research that showed me that I was going about this problem the wrong way. Once I applied those ideas, I was able to become an early riser consistently.
It’s hard to become an early riser using the wrong strategy. But with the right strategy, it’s relatively easy.
The most common wrong strategy is this: You assume that if you’re going to get up earlier, you’d better go to bed earlier. So you figure out how much sleep you’re getting now, and then just shift everything back a few hours. If you now sleep from midnight to 8am, you figure you’ll go to bed at 10pm and get up at 6am instead. Sounds very reasonable, but it will usually fail.
It seems there are two main schools of thought about sleep patterns. One is that you should go to bed and get up at the same times every day. It’s like having an alarm clock on both ends — you try to sleep the same hours each night. This seems practical for living in modern society. We need predictability in our schedules. And we need to ensure adequate rest.
The second school says you should listen to your body’s needs and go to bed when you’re tired and get up when you naturally wake up. This approach is rooted in biology. Our bodies should know how much rest we need, so we should listen to them.
Through trial and error, I found out for myself that both of these schools are suboptimal sleep patterns. Both of them are wrong if you care about productivity. Here’s why:
If you sleep set hours, you’ll sometimes go to bed when you aren’t sleepy enough. If it’s taking you more than five minutes to fall asleep each night, you aren’t sleepy enough. You’re wasting time lying in bed awake and not being asleep. Another problem is that you’re assuming you need the same number of hours of sleep every night, which is a false assumption. Your sleep needs vary from day to day.
If you sleep based on what your body tells you, you’ll probably be sleeping more than you need — in many cases a lot more, like 10-15 hours more per week (the equivalent of a full waking day). A lot of people who sleep this way get 8+ hours of sleep per night, which is usually too much. Also, your mornings may be less predictable if you’re getting up at different times. And because our natural rhythms are sometimes out of tune with the 24-hour clock, you may find that your sleep times begin to drift.
The optimal solution for me has been to combine both approaches. It’s very simple, and many early risers do this without even thinking about it, but it was a mental breakthrough for me nonetheless. The solution was to go to bed when I’m sleepy (and only when I’m sleepy) and get up with an alarm clock at a fixed time (7 days per week). So I always get up at the same time (in my case 5am), but I go to bed at different times every night.
I go to bed when I’m too sleepy to stay up. My sleepiness test is that if I couldn’t read a book for more than a page or two without drifting off, I’m ready for bed. Most of the time when I go to bed, I’m asleep within three minutes. I lie down, get comfortable, and immediately I’m drifting off. Sometimes I go to bed at 9:30pm; other times I stay up until midnight. Most of the time I go to bed between 10-11pm. If I’m not sleepy, I stay up until I can’t keep my eyes open any longer. Reading is an excellent activity to do during this time, since it becomes obvious when I’m too sleepy to read.
When my alarm goes off every morning, I turn it off, stretch for a couple seconds, and sit up. I don’t think about it. I’ve learned that the longer it takes me to get up, the more likely I am to try to sleep in. So I don’t allow myself to have conversations in my head about the benefits of sleeping in once the alarm goes off. Even if I want to sleep in, I always get up right away.
After a few days of using this approach, I found that my sleep patterns settled into a natural rhythm. If I got too little sleep one night, I’d automatically be sleepier earlier and get more sleep the next night. And if I had lots of energy and wasn’t tired, I’d sleep less. My body learned when to knock me out because it knew I would always get up at the same time and that my wake-up time wasn’t negotiable.
A side effect was that on average, I slept about 90 minutes less per night, but I actually felt more well-rested. I was sleeping almost the entire time I was in bed.
I read that most insomniacs are people who go to bed when they aren’t sleepy. If you aren’t sleepy and find yourself unable to fall asleep quickly, get up and stay awake for a while. Resist sleep until your body begins to release the hormones that rob you of consciousness. If you simply go to bed when you’re sleepy and then get up at a fixed time, you’ll cure your insomnia. The first night you’ll stay up late, but you’ll fall asleep right away. You may be tired that first day from getting up too early and getting only a few hours of sleep the whole night, but you’ll slog through the day and will want to go to bed earlier that second night. After a few days, you’ll settle into a pattern of going to bed at roughly the same time and falling asleep right away.
So if you want to become an early riser (or just exert more control over your sleep patterns), then try this: Go to bed only when you’re too sleepy to stay up, and get up at a fixed time every morning.
Edit (5/31/05): Due to the (mysterious) popularity of this post, I’ve written a follow-up with some extra detail and clarifications: How to Become an Early Riser - Part II. And if you really want to take sleep to the next level, read about my experiences with Polyphasic Sleep, where you only sleep 2-3 hours a day by taking 20-minute naps every few hours, around the clock.


How to become an Early Riser - 2

First, on the subject of going to bed when you’re sleepy… to do this correctly requires a mixture of awareness and common sense.
If you’re doing stimulating activities before bed, you’ll be able to stay up later and stave off sleepiness for a while. In college I used to participate in poker games that went until dawn, and then we’d often go out to breakfast afterwards. I can easily stay up later than my normal range of bed times if I work, go out with friends, or do other stimulating activities.
But this isn’t what I meant by noticing when you’re sleepy. I mentioned the test of not being able to read more than a couple pages of text without losing concentration. This doesn’t mean waiting until you’re about to drop from exhaustion.
The onset of sleepiness I’m referring to is when your brain starts releasing hormones to knock you out. This is different from just being tired. You actually feel yourself getting drowsy. But in order for this to happen, you need to create the right conditions for it to occur. This means giving yourself some downtime before bedtime. I find that reading is a great way to wind down before bed. Some people say reading in bed is a bad idea… that you should only sleep in bed. I’ve never had a problem with it though, since when I’m too sleepy to keep reading, I can just put the book down and go to sleep. But read in a chair if you prefer.
Another test you can use is this. Ask yourself, “If I were to go to bed now, how quickly could I fall asleep?” If you think it would take more than 15 minutes to fall asleep, I say go ahead and stay up.
Once you set a fixed awakening time, it may take a bit of practice to hone in on the right range of bedtimes for you. In the beginning you may see some huge oscillations, staying awake too late one night and going to bed too early another night. But eventually you’ll get a feel for when you can go to bed and fall asleep right away while allowing yourself to wake up refreshed the next day.
As a failsafe to keep yourself from staying up too late, give yourself a bedtime deadline, and even if you aren’t totally sleepy, go to bed by that time no matter what. I have a good idea of the minimum amount of sleep I need. 6.5 hours per night is sustainable for me, but I can do 5 hours in a pinch and be OK as long as I don’t do it every night. The maximum I ever sleep is 7.5 hours. Before I started waking up at a fixed time each morning, I’d often sleep 8-9 hours, sometimes even 10 hours if I was really tired.
If you consume caffeine during the day, it’s likely to mess with your sleep cycles. So the original post assumes you aren’t drugging yourself to stay awake. If you’re addicted to caffeine, then break the addiction first. Don’t expect natural sleepiness to occur at the right time if you’re screwing with your brain chemistry.
The idea of the original post was to explain how to develop the habit of arising early. So the advice is geared towards creating the habit. Once the habit is established, it runs more subconsciously. You can be doing stimulating activities like work or playing video games, and you’ll just know when it’s time for you to go to bed, even though it may be a different time each night. The sleepiness test is important for developing the habit, but subtler signals will take over afterwards.
You can always sleep in late now and then if you need to. If I stay up until 3am, I’m not going to get up at 5am the next morning. But I’ll return to my usual routine the next day.
I recommend getting up at the same time for 30 days straight to lock in the habit, but after that you’ll be so conditioned to waking up at the same time that it will be hard to sleep in. I decided to sleep in late one Saturday morning and didn’t set my alarm, but I woke up automatically at 4:58 am. Then I tried to sleep in, but I was wide awake and couldn’t fall back asleep again. Oh well. Once the habit is established, it isn’t hard at all to get up, assuming you’re going to bed at the onset of sleepiness.
If you have kids, adapt as needed. My kids are ages 5 and 1. Sometimes they wake me up in the middle of the night — my daughter is in the habit of doing this lately, popping into the bedroom to tell my wife and me about her dreams or sometimes just to chat. And I know what it’s like when there’s a baby waking up every few hours. So if you’re in that situation, I say that the rule is to sleep when you can. Babies aren’t very good at sticking to schedules.
If you can’t get yourself out of bed when your alarm goes off, this is likely due to a lack of self-discipline. If you have enough self-discipline, you’ll get out of bed no matter what. Motivation can also help, but motivation is short lived and may only last a few days. Discipline is like a muscle. The more you build it, the more you can rely on it. Everyone has some discipline (can you hold your breath?), but not everyone develops it. There are a lot of ways to build discipline – you can read the whole six-part series on self-discipline to learn how. Basically it comes down to taking on little challenges, conquering them, and gradually progressing to bigger ones. It’s like progressive weight training. As your self-discipline gets stronger, a challenge like getting out of bed at a certain time will eventually become trivially easy. But if your self-discipline has atrophied, it can seem an almost insurmountable hurdle.

Why get up early?

I’d say the main reason is that you’ll have a lot more time to do things that are more interesting than sleeping.
Again, I’ve gained about 10-15 hours per week doing this. That extra time is very noticeable. By 6:30am, I’ve already exercised, showered, had breakfast, and I’m at my desk ready to go to work. I can put in a lot of hours each day of productive work, and I’m usually done with work by 5:00 pm (and that includes personal “work” like email, paying bills, picking up daughter from preschool, etc). This gives me 5-6 hours of discretionary time every evening for family, leisure activities, Toastmasters, reading, journaling, etc. And best of all, I still have energy during this time. Having time for everything that’s important to me makes me feel very balanced, relaxed, and optimistic.
Think about what you could do with that extra time. Even an extra 30 minutes per day is enough to exercise daily, read a book or two each month, maintain a blog, meditate daily, cook healthy food, learn a musical instrument, etc. A small amount of extra time each day adds up to significant amounts over the course of a year. 30 minutes a day is 182.5 hours in a year. That’s more than a month of working full-time (40 hours per week). Double it if you save 60 minutes a day, and triple it if you save 90 minutes a day. For me the savings was about 90 minutes/day. That’s like getting a free bonus year every decade. I’m using this time to do things that I previously didn’t have the time and energy to do. It’s wonderful.


Cheers,
neO (I so needed this)